DSIP was isolated from blood; epithalon was designed from a pineal extract. Identity, pineal and melatonin studies, sleep data, lifespan models and evidence limits,…

Thymosin alpha-1 and TB-500 share a name and a thymus extract but belong to unrelated peptide families. Identity, binding partners, side-by-side studies and evidence…

PT-141 (bremelanotide) and melanotan II share one cyclic core and differ at the C-terminus. Identity, receptor data, animal research, regulatory status and case reports,…

KPV is a three-residue alpha-MSH fragment; BPC-157 is a 15-residue gastric juice fragment. How their origins, proposed mechanisms, gut models and evidence differ, with…

SS-31 binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane; MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-DNA-encoded peptide that signals through AMPK and the nucleus. How the two differ,…

GHK-Cu is a copper-binding plasma tripeptide; Matrixyl is a palmitoylated procollagen fragment. Identity, cell and explant data, skin-delivery limits, and where Pal-GHK fits.

5-Amino-1MQ is a small NNMT inhibitor; NAD+ is the coenzyme itself. How NNMT uses nicotinamide and SAM, what the cell and mouse studies measured,…

Retatrutide adds a glucagon-receptor arm to tirzepatide's GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonism. Receptor data, shared lipid chemistry, animal studies, trial designs and evidence limits,…

TB-500 as identified in products is the 7-residue Ac-LKKTETQ fragment of thymosin beta-4. Here is how it differs from the 43-residue protein, what the…

CJC-1295 mimics GHRH; ipamorelin acts on the ghrelin receptor. Identity of the DAC and no-DAC forms, half-life data, the GHRH plus GHRP evidence and…